Difference between revisions of "Authority Control Terminology"

Revision as of 15:08, 30 September 2008

Authority Control Terminology

Sources:

m21 = Marc 21 Format for bibliographic Date

wp = Wikipedia

mpg = MARS Planning Guide

ac = Author’s contribution

google = general google search with no specific reference to the google source.

1. AACR2: AACR2 stands for Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, Second edition. It is published jointly by the American Library Association, the Canadian Library Association, and the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (in the UK). AACR2 is designed for use in the construction of catalogues and other lists in general libraries of all sizes. The rules cover the description of, and the provision of access points for, all library materials commonly collected at the present time. (wp)

2. AAT: Is a three letter acronym that in the authority world refers to the "Art & Architecture Thesaurus". It is a controlled vocabulary used for describing items of art, architecture, and material culture. The AAT contains generic terms, such as "cathedral," but no proper names, such as "Cathedral of Notre Dame." The AAT is used by, among others, museums, art libraries, archives, catalogers, and researchers in art and art history. The AAT is a thesaurus in compliance with ISO and NISO standards including ISO 2788 and ISO 5964. Final editorial control of the AAT is maintained by the Getty Vocabulary Program. (wp)

3. Alternate Graphic Representation: The 880 tag of the bibliographic record. Representation of a field in a vernacular format (in a different script) of another field in the same record. Field 880 is linked to the associated regular field by subfield $6 (Linkage). A subfield $6 in the associated field also links that field to the 880 field. The data in field 880 may be in more than one script. (m21)

4. Annotated Card Headings: Another term for Library of Congress Children’s Subject Headings. Children’s subject headings are a separate file within the LC subject file. They are designated by a second indicator of 1 in the 650 tag. (ac)

5. ASCII: American Standard Code for Information interchange (ASCII) is a character encoding based on the English alphabet. ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that work with text. Most modern character encodings—which support many more characters than did the original—have a historical basis in ASCII. (wp)

6. Author Affiliations: Part of the Table of Content Enrichment (TOC) services, Author affiliation information is gathered from the book dust jackets to further enrich your data. Typically data is added to a 9XX field of the bibliographic record. (mpg)

7. Authority Cleanup: Authority Cleanup is a wide variety of automated routines that update and correct individual subfields and contiguous pairs of subfields. These corrections are based on a number of subfield update files maintained by MARS 2.0 authority librarians. Routines included in this process are as follows: (mpg)

Update Obsolete Subdivisions

Correct Typographical Errors

Expand Abbreviations

Direct-to-indirect Geographic Conversions

Chronological Conversion

Delete Obsolete Subdivisions

Retain Selected Subdivisions

Correct Spacing, Capitalization, and Punctuation

8. Authority Control: Authority Control is a term used in library and information science to refer to the practice of creating and maintaining headings for bibliographic material in a catalog. Authority control fulfills two important functions. First, it enables catalogers to disambiguate items with similar or identical headings. For example, two authors who happen to have published under the same name can be distinguished from each other by adding middle initials, birth and/or death (or flourished, if these are unknown) dates, or a descriptive epithet to the heading of one (or both) authors. Second, authority control is used by catalogers to collocate materials that logically belong together, although they present themselves differently. For example, authority records are used to establish uniform titles, which can collocate all versions of a given work together even when they are issued under different titles. (wp)

9. Authority file segmentation: Authority file segmentation is the segmentation of your authority records by the library’s integrated library system. Segmentation can be determined by authority type, LC, LC Children, MeSh, Canadian, or segmentation can be determined by usage, name, subject, series title. It is the library’s integrated library software that dictates file segmentation. (mpg)

10. Authority file source: Authority file source refers the where the automated authority control vendor is getting authority records for your master authority file. There are two sources your authority file comes from when doing automated authority control. The first is when a file is created through the automated process as each authorized bibliographic heading is matched against national headings. The source then is the matched and unmatched headings from the library’s own database. The second source is when a library has an existing authority file and the file is re-mastered to bring it into the authority vendor’s master file and updated authority records are re-distributed to the library. (mpg)

11. Authority Matching: The second phase of MARS 2.0 Authority Control is Authority Matching. Authority matching compares each authority controlled heading in your bibliographic records against authority record headings from any of a number of national and other authority files. Authority matching uses the headings in authority records to update or correct the bibliographic headings so they conform to current standards. A matching algorithm is used to enhance the matching process. Authorized headings and see from tracings of the national authority record are matched against to produce updated authority headings with corresponding national authority records. (mpg)

12. Authority Records: The most common way of enforcing authority control in a bibliographic catalog is to set up a separate index of authority records, which relates to and governs the headings used in the main catalog. This separate index is often referred to as an "authority file." It contains an indexable record of all decisions made by catalogers in a given library (or -- as is increasingly the case -- cataloguing consortium), which catalogers consult when making, or revising, decisions about headings. It is to be remembered that the function of authority files is essentially organizational, rather than informational. That is to say, they (ideally) contain a sufficient amount of information to establish a given author or title as unique, while excluding information that, while perhaps interesting to a reader, does not contribute to this goal. (wp)

13. Authority Record Distribution: see Authority File Segmentation

14. Authority Record Status: The 05 Byte of the authority leader tells what the status of the authority record is. The following codes are used to determine the status. (m21)

a - Increase in encoding level

c - Corrected or revised

d - Deleted

n - New

o - Obsolete

s - Deleted; heading split into two or more headings

x - Deleted; heading replaced by another heading

15. Authority update frequency: How often a library should run Notification Services in their library is based on the following.

• Frequency—How often does your organization’s authority file need to be updated?
• Resources—Does your organization have the staff to upload changed authority records at the frequency you chose?
• Cost—Is frequency important enough to incur additional cost (weekly and monthly delivery are more expensive)?

Most libraries under 500,000 bib records do not need to run Notification Services more than four times a year. A good way to measure how frequent you need this service done is to compare it to how often you add bibliographic records. If you are adding about 5,000 records a quarter then both Current Cataloging and Notification Services should be run every quarter. If you are adding about 5,000 bibliographic records once a year then consider running Notification and Current Cataloging Services once a year. Backstage Library Works can establish a schedule that responds to local requirements. (mpg)

16. Authorized Heading (form): Also called Established Heading, an authorized heading is the 1xx of authority record. It is the version of the heading that is to be used to represent the authority record. Variations of the authorized heading will be found in the 4xx of the authority record. An authority record in which field 100-155 contains an established name or subject. Heading refers to the form of name (or title) that the cataloguer has chosen as the form to represent this data, or the authorized form. (wp, ac, m21)

17. Automated Authority Control: A computer generated process that cleans up, matches and then delivers nationally recognized authority records. This process will replace (flip) existing bibliographic headings under authority control with the nationally recognized authorized heading found in the 1xx of the authority record. Both updated bibliographic headings and corresponding authority records are delivered to the library for uploading. (ac)

18. Auxiliary File: The MARS 2.0 Auxiliary File contains records with additional validated headings and additional cross-references not present in national authority files. The additional cross-references convert incorrect or obsolete forms to the authorized form of the headings. Authority records from this file are used during MARS 2.0 Authority Matching only and are not distributed to libraries. (mpg)

19. B.A.R.E Rules: Backstage Rules Engine (B.A.R.E.) Java based computer software used by the MARS 2.0 software to bring bibliographic data to current MARC21 standards. MARS 2.0 supports MARC changes distributed in MARC 21 Format for Bibliographic Data updates. B.A.R.E processing updates many elements in MARC bibliographic records to conform with current MARC 21 standards, proving increased consistency within your bibliographic file. (mpg)

20. BIBCO – Monographic Bibliographic Record Program of the PCC: In October 1995, PCC-member libraries began participating in this newest program. Many of the participants were former NCCP (National Coordinated Cataloging Program) libraries. BIBCO members are responsible for contributing full or core level bibliographic records. These records are identified as PCC records and notable for their complete authority work (both descriptive and subject), a national level call number (such as LC classification or NLM classification), and at least one subject access point drawn from nationally recognized thesauri such as LCSH, MeSH, etc., as appropriate. (google)

21. Bibliographic Control Number: Control number assigned by the organization creating, using, or distributing the record. The MARC code identifying whose system control number is present in field 001 is contained in field 003 (Control Number Identifier). An organization using a record of another organization may move the incoming control number from field 001 (and the control number identifier from field 003) to field 035 (System Control Number), 010 (Library of Congress Control Number), or 016 (National Bibliographic Agency Control Number), as appropriate, and place its own system control number in field 001 (and its control number identifier in field 003). (m21)

22. Bibliographic File Distribution: After MARS automated processing the library can choose to have all of their bibliographic records distributed back to them or only changed bibliographic records. They can further delimit the changes by selecting a subset of changes. The options they have to choose from are, Authority Cleanup Subfields Updates, Heading flips, Heading splits, Heading tag flips, Significant heading changes, headings changed during manual review and custom changes. (mpg)

23. Bibliographic Validation: The first phase of MARS 2.0 Authority Control is Bibliographic Validation. Bibliographic records sometimes require cleanup due to older practices (AACR1 vs AACR2). The automated process of cleaning up bibliographic records is called Bibliographic Validation. Elements of the bibliographic record are checked against current MARC21 standards and then updated when process allows. MARS 2.0 makes changes in over 100 different MARC fields within your bibliographic record. Standard MARC21 Validation covers the following: (mpg)

• Leader is present and correctly structured
• Directory is present and correctly structured
• No record exceeds 99,999 characters. Including bib records larger than 99,999 byte maximum size prevents successful processing of the input files. Records cannot be segmented (broken apart into multiple physical records) to reach the maximum size limit. These records will be output as potentially corrupt for the library to review
• No field exceeds 9,999 characters (MARC21 directory limitation)
• If a record exceeds the character or field size it is not processed. If there is a large number of rejected records our programmers will contact the library project manager to determine a course of action
• All records contain the following standard MARC delimiters:
• Record terminators (ASCII 1D16)
• Field terminators (ASCII 1E16)
• Subfield delimiters (ASCII 1F16)
• All records contain valid characters (either in MARC8 or UTF8)
• Any null characters (hex 00) are changed to spaces when records are loaded
• MARS 2.0 will also delete empty fields or subfields as records are loaded

24. Blind Authority Records: A blind authority record is an authority in the library’s database that does not connect to or is not associated with a bibliographic authorized heading. On a library’s ILS system the blind reference will either not be included in the authority index or will be included in the index with zero hits (bibliographic connections) associated with it. When an authority file is in place on an ILS system only the authorized heading 1XX or the see also reference 5XX of the authority record can be a blind reference. The nature of the see reference 4XX always points to the authorized heading 1XX and can not be a blind reference though on some ILS systems a search for on the see reference will have the same result as a search on the authorized heading. That is no bibliographic record will be found. (ac,mpg)

25. Brackets see Square Brackets

26. Brief MARC Authority Record: A brief MARC authority record is an authority record created from the heading in the bibliographic record. At the time of creation these headings are not tied to a national authority record. The brief MARC record is designed for temporary use to be replaced by a nationally authorized heading when available. Most ILS systems create the "brief" MARC record as a link to the existing authority heading found in the authorized field of the bibliographic record, 1XX, 4XX, 6XX, 7XX and 8XX. The MARS 2.0 Authority process also creates brief MARC records adding them to the library’s "Master File" in order to attempt to match the authority heading to a national authority record at a later date. (mpg)

27. Byte: In computer science a byte (pronounced "bite"), is a unit of measurement of information storage, most often consisting of eight bits. (wp)

28. Canadiana: see NLC Canadiana Files

29. 'Chronological conversion:' MARS 2.0 Authority Cleanup uses a table to convert chronological headings ($y) to their correct form. Corrections are made to spelling and punctuation as well as to format: (mpg)

30. CJK: Chinese-Japanese-Korean bibliographic records. CJK is a collective term for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, which constitute the main East Asian languages. The term is used in the field of software and communications internationalization. (wp)

31. Collapsed Report Format: If bib control numbers are not included in your MARS 2.0 Bibliographic Reports, a heading contained in two or more bibliographic records will appear in the report only once. This type of report is in collapsed format. Collapsed-format reports are usually requested by libraries with a local system that offers robust global update tools. (mpg)

32. Collocate: Collocation is defined as a sequence of words or terms which co-occur more often than would be expected by chance. It refers to the restrictions on how words can be used together. (wp)

33. Compound Heading: see Name/title heading

34. Conference name heading: Also known as meeting name heading. The conference name heading is used in a name or name/title heading in established heading records that describe a particular meeting or conference that is involved with works published from that conference. The tag designation is X11. (m21,ac)

35. Corporate name heading: Corporate name used in a name, name/title, or extended subject heading in established heading records. In an established heading record, field 110 contains the established form of a corporate name. (m21)

36. CONSER – Cooperative Online Serials: CONSER is a cooperative online serials cataloging program. CONSER began in the early 1970s as a project to convert manual serial cataloging into machine-readable records and has evolved into an ongoing program to create and maintain high quality bibliographic records for serials. In keeping with its evolution, the name was changed in 1986 from the CONSER (CONversion of SERials) Project to the CONSER (Cooperative ONline SERials) Program. In October 1997, CONSER became a bibliographic component of the Program for Cooperative Cataloging. (PCC web sit)

37. Contiguous pairs of subfields: A subfield string will have more than one subfield constructed in a hierarchal order. The meaning of the string is contingent on the combination of subfields often referred to as contiguous pairs of subfields. (ac, dictionary)

38. Control Number: Record control number and other coded information used in the processing of MARC authority records. These fields have no indicators or subfield codes. Control number is assigned by the organization creating, using, or distributing the record. The control number is found in the 001 tag of the bibliographic and authority record. The MARC code identifying whose system control number is present in field 001 is contained in field 003 (Control Number Identifier). (m21)

39. Controlled Vocabulary: Controlled vocabularies (CV) provide a way to organize knowledge for subsequent retrieval. They are used in subject indexing schemes, subject headings, thesauri and taxonomies. Controlled vocabulary schemes mandate the use of predefined, authorized terms that have been preselected by the designer of the vocabulary, in contrast to natural language vocabularies, where there is no restriction on the vocabulary. (wp)

40. Cross-references: A cross-reference is an instance within a MARC authority record which refers to related or synonymous information elsewhere. The term "cross-reference" in MARC format is designated by the 5XX tag of the authority records and is often called a see also reference. Cross-referencing is used in the MARC record to link to another piece of work that is of related interest. (ac) Cross references are other forms of the name (or title) that might appear in the catalog. There are two types of cross-references: see references which reference forms of the name (or title) that have been deprecated in favor of the authorized form; and see also references, which point to other forms of the name (or title) that are authorized. See also references are most commonly used to point to earlier or later forms of a name (or title). (wp)

41. Current Cataloging: One of two on-going automated authority control services offered by offered through the MARS 2.0 software. The Current Cataloging Service provides automated Authority Control on an accelerated schedule—weekly, monthly, quarterly, annually or some other frequency determined by you—with rapid record turnaround. The Current Cataloging Service provides both Authority Control for the headings in your current cataloging records and the matching authority records. You can tailor MARS 2.0 profiles to support local requirements. The first phase of a Current Cataloging run is standard MARS 2.0 Bibliographic Validation processing. Elements of the MARC21 structure are validated, updated or corrected, as appropriate. Next, MARS 2.0 updates and corrects various heading subdivisions. Then, MARS 2.0 compares each heading against the national authority files specified. (mpg)

42. Deblinding Cross References: LC Authority records are constructed so that they are naturally "self deblinding." This is in reference to the LC see reference in that the see reference (4XX) really points to the authorized heading. In addition to the See cross-reference, most local systems will also generate a See also display based on fields 550 and 150 in an authority record. If an associated authority record for the see also record does not exist then a blind record will exist. Standard authority control creation practice will not allow for a see also (5XX) reference unless the Authorized Version is also created. In automated authority control process, the authorized version of the see also reference does not automatically get delivered. The only way to deblind a see also cross-reference is to delete from the authority record or change the 5XX to a 4XX. The MARS 2.0 staff does not recommend removal or change of the 5XX tag. (mpg)

43. De-duplication: Also called authority record de-duplication. If any of the MARS 2.0 update special field conversions adds a field identical to a pre-existing field, the identical fields will be merged to one to ensure that headings in your bibliographic records will be unique. MARS 2.0 deduping compares heading text character by character. A 650 field with a second indicator of 0 and a 650 field with a second indicator of 2 are not considered duplicates. (mpg)

44. Deleted Authority Records: If one of the authority records (based on its control number) no longer exists in the national-level file, a delete has occurred (i.e., the national library has removed the record from the master copy of their authority file). The deleted authority records will have the Record Status (Leader byte 05) set to d. (mpg)

45. Descriptive Summaries: Information about a book gathered from the book dust jacket to further enrich your bibliographic record. It is part of the TOC service offered through Backstage Library Works. Typically Descriptive Summaries are added to the 520 field. (mpg)

46. Diacritics: A diacritic also called a diacritic or diacritical mark, point, or sign, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation or to distinguish between similar words. A diacritical mark can appear above or below a letter or in some other position. Its main usage is to change the phonetic value of the letter to which it is added; but it may also be used to modify the pronunciation of a whole word or syllable. A letter which has been modified by a diacritic may be treated either as a new, distinct letter or as a letter-diacritic combination. (wp)

47. Differentiated: Differentiated or differentiation is reached by adding qualifiers to an original authority heading to make the authority heading unique. The problem is most commonly found with name headings. Often a birth and or death date will be added to make the heading unique. (ac)

48. Direct Geographic Subdivisions: A direct geographic subdivision puts the narrowest term in the first order of the subdivision. An example would be a heading about Jefferson County Kansas would be constructed with Jefferson County in first position, $a or $z of the heading. (ac)

49. Direct-to-indirect geographic conversion:' MARS 2.0 Authority Cleanup uses a table to convert direct geographic subdivisions to the indirect form. Changes are made by the direct-to-indirect subfield conversion program only when the invalid form is the entire text of the subfield $z and' there is only one subfield $z in the heading: (mpg)

50. Disambiguation: The process of resolving conflicts that occur when a single term can be associated with more than one topic. (wp)

51. Downloading: Downloading describes the transfer of electronic data between two computers or similar systems. To download is to receive data from a remote or central system, such as a webserver, FTP server, mail server, or other similar systems. A download is any file that is offered for downloading or that has been downloaded. (wp)

52. Duplicate headings: Refers to the same heading being listed more than once. Duplicate headings can be found on a single bibliographic record after the automated process. The process will automatically de-dup them. (mpg)

53. Ending Punctuation: In the automated authority control process ending punctuation refers to the ending punctuation found at the end of a data string associated with a bibliographic or authority tag. Some ILS systems have trouble indexing authority data with certain ending punctuation. The MARS 2.0 software give the client an option to retain or delete ending punctuation. (mpg)

54. Established form: see Authorized Heading (form)

55. 'Expanded abbreviations: ' Past cataloging practices allowed for abbreviation of common topical terms like Hist. & crit. for History and criticism. The MARS 2.0 subfield correction tables support the expansion of outdated or invalid abbreviations in LC headings to the full form. Changes are made only when the outdated or invalid form is the entire text of the subfield: (mpg)

56. Expanded Report format: When bib control numbers are included in a MARS 2.0 Authority Control report, a heading contained in ten bibliographic records would be included in your reoprt ten times, each time with a different bibliographic control number. Reports that include bib control numbers are in expanded format. Expanded-format reports are especially useful when making updates in one record at a time. Please choose the expanded or collapsed option found in profile. (mpg)

57. Extended subject heading - A name, name/title, uniform title, topical term, or genre/form term heading that includes one or more general, form, geographic, or chronological subject subdivision terms (subfields $v, $x, $y, or $z). (m21)

58. Faceted classification system: A faceted classification system allows the assignment of multiple classifications to an object, enabling the classifications to be ordered in multiple ways, rather than in a single, pre-determined, taxonomic order. The most prominent use of faceted classification is in faceted navigation systems that enable a user to navigate information hierarchically, going from a category to its sub-categories, but choosing the order in which the categories are presented. This contrasts with traditional taxonomies in which the hierarchy of categories is fixed and unchanging. (wp)

59. False Positives: A match made by an automated authority control process that is not an authorized match and results in bogus authority data in the authority file and authority headings. (ac) (The MARS 2.0 programs have been designed to eliminate the occurrence of "false positives" in authority matching.)

60. Field: In computer science, data that has several parts can be divided into fields. For example, a computer may represent today’s date as three distinct fields: the day, the month and the year. (wp) In library science field and Tag are synonymous. In the MARC record the field is data that follows the three digit number refer to as a tag. The hierarchal parts of a field are termed, "subfield" and are typically represented by a lower case letter in the alphabet or a number. (wp, ac)

61. Field Deletes Table: In the MARS 2.0 automated authority control process field/tag updates are determined by tables set up to determine which fields are obsolete. The Field Deletes table has a set of default deletes but can be customized to fit the needs of the individual library. (mpg)

62. Field Distribution: Field Distribution is part of the MARS 2.0 Summary Report. It is a statistical analysis of the distribution of fields (by tag) within the bibliographic file. Included are how many records had none, one, or two instances of each field, and how many fields changed (by tag). Changes listed in this section correspond with MARC Update Processing. (mpg)

63. Field Update Tables: Also called Tag update Tables. In the MARS 2.0 automated authority control process field/tag update table refers to the set of fields/tags that are changed from one tag to another because the MARC 21 standards have changed over the years. An example of a Field update would be Tag 308 changed to Tag 300. The Field Update table has a set of default deletes but can be customized to fit the needs of the individual library. (mpg)

64. File segmentation: see Authority file segmentation

65. Filing Indicator: A filing indicator is used to indicate the number of characters that are to be ignored when a title is indexed. The characters ignored are initial articles on a title and vary depending on the language of the title. The MARC fields that have filing indicators are 242, 245 and 440. The second indicator is the filing indicator. (ac)

66. Fixed Field: A field of the MARC record containing a fixed number of characters. The 24 character leader field 001 or the 005, 006, 007 and 008 are all fixed fields. Each position of a fixed field is defined by a character or code and it is in that static position within the field. Other MARC fields are variable length fields where data within the field varies in length. (ac)

67. Flip authority headings: see Heading flips

68. Folksonomy: Folksonomy (also known as collaborative tagging, social classification, social indexing, and social tagging) is the practice and method of collaboratively creating and managing tags to annotate and categorize content. In contrast to traditional subject indexing, metadata is generated not only by experts but also by creators and consumers of the content. Usually, freely chosen keywords are used instead of a controlled vocabulary.^[1] Folksonomy is a portmanteau of the words folk and taxonomy, hence a folksonomy is a user generated taxonomy. (wp)

69. Form Subdivisions: The form subdivision is subfield $v of the topical subject heading (650). Form subdivisions (periodicals, bibliography, etc.) were authorized in the MARC Bibliographic Format in 1995. Introduced first by NLM in MeSH headings, LC began distributing both bibliographic and authority records containing $v subfields in February, 1999. MARS 2.0 incorporated a number of enhancements to fully support subfield $v. (mpg)

70. Form/Genre Headings: see Genre/Form

71. FRAD: Functional Requirements for Authority Data. Entity-relationship model for authority control. Authority Control’s counterpart to FRBR (Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records). FRAD Entities are defined as Name, Identifier and Controlled Access point. The basic FRAD Model is Bibliographic Entities known by Names and or identifiers which are the basis for a controlled access point(s) to the bibliographic record. (Power point presentation - "FRBR and FRAD: Foundations for RDA by Pat Riva Chair, IFLA FRBR Review Group.) (google)

72. Free-floating subdivisions: see Subdivision headings

73. FTP: File Transfer Protocol. Data exchange format used to transfer data over the internet. MARS can accept a wide variety of input media, but the most common exchange format is Internet File Transfer Protocol (FTP). (mpg)

74. Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records -- or FRBR-- is a conceptual entity-relationship model developed by the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) that relates user tasks of retrieval and access in online library catalogues and bibliographic databases from a user’s perspective. It represents a more holistic approach to retrieval and access as the relationships between the entities provide links to navigate through the hierarchy of relationships. The model is significant because it is separate from specific cataloguing standards such as AACR2 or International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD). (wp)

75. Generic name heading: A term used in the MARS 2.0 automated authority control process that refers to a see reference (4XX) within a name authority that only has $a in the heading. Because there are no qualifiers to distinguish this name from other authority records that have that name it is referred to as a "generic name heading" In the MARS 2.0 process the client has the option to flip or not to flip a bibliographic heading to the authorized authority record (1XX) when a "generic name heading" is found in the 4XX of the authority record. (mpg)

76. Genre/Form Headings: Terms indicating the genre, form, and/or physical characteristics of the materials being described. A genre term designates the style or technique of the intellectual content of textual materials. A form term designates historically and functionally specific kinds of materials distinguished by their physical character, the subject of their intellectual content, or the order of information within them. The 655 tag of the bibliographic record is used for Genre/Form Headings. Standard published lists are used for the genre and form terms. The lists are identified either by the second indicator (Thesaurus) or by subfield $2 (Source of term). (m21)

77. Geographic headings: Geographic name used as a heading in an established heading record, an established heading and subdivision record, a traced or an untraced reference record, or a reference and subdivision record. In an established heading record, field 151 contains the established form of a geographic name. (m21)

78. GMD: General Material Designations. The GMD is subfield "h" of tag 245. The GMD appears in lowercase letters and is enclosed within brackets. It is the designator used to describe the medium the bibliographic material is in. An example would be a bibliographic record of a sound recording that would have a $h[sound recording]. The subfield is always surrounded by square brackets. (m21)

79. GMD Standardization Tables: The MARS 2.0 automated authority control process uses one of two tables to standardize the GMD used in a bibliographic database. The first level is the AACII Standard Terms (level 1). These are terms produced in the AACRII manual for cataloging. The GMD Common Terms table (Level 2) is a more robust table consisting of a collection of terms used by past authority Contol clients. (mpg)

80. GSAFD: A genre thesaurus, the Guidelines on Subject Access to Individual Works of Fiction, Drama, etc. constitute a recommendation for national standard practice in the provision of genre and subject access to individual works of fiction, drama, poetry, humor and folklore. The source file is available on the Northwestern University Library GSAFD Web site. (OCLC)

81. Heading Flip: A heading flip is a bibliographic heading that matches a 4XX See From tracing in an LC authority record during automated authority control. When this match occurs the automated process would convert (flip) to the authorized form from the authority records 1XX field. (mpg)

82. Hierarchy: A hierarchy is an arrangement of objects, people, elements, values, grades, orders, classes, etc., in a ranked or graduated series. Items in a hierarchy are typically thought of as being "above," "below," or "at the same level as" one another. (wp) In the MARC structure a hierarchy refers to the structure of a bibliographic or authority heading. The main subfield ($a) defines the heading while the following hierarchal subfields, ($b-z etc) narrow the scope and definition of the heading. (ac, mpg)

83. ILS System: An integrated library system, or ILS, is an enterprise resource planning system for a library, used to track items owned, orders made, bills paid, and patrons who have borrowed. An ILS is usually comprised of a relational database, software to act on that database, and two graphical user interfaces (one for patrons, one for staff). Most ILSes separate software functions into discrete programs called modules, which are then integrated into a unified interface. Examples of modules include: acquisitions (ordering, receiving, and invoicing materials), cataloging (classifying and indexing materials), circulation (lending materials to patrons and receiving them back), serials (tracking magazine and newspaper holdings), and the OPAC (public interface for users). Each patron and item has a unique ID in the database that allows the ILS to track its activity. (wp)

84. ILS System Migration: Typically three to five years after a library has had an Integrated Library System they will consider or need to migrate off of the system to a new. The factors determining a migration and an ILS migration are system performance, software functionality, money and vendor service. (ac)

85. Indicator: The first two character positions in the variable data fields that contain values which interpret or supplement the data found in the field. Indicator values are interpreted independently, that is, meaning is not ascribed to the two indicators taken together. Indicator values may be a lowercase alphabetic or a numeric character. A blank (ASCII SPACE), represented in this document as a #, is used in an undefined indicator position. In a defined indicator position, a blank may be assigned a meaning, or may mean no information provided. (m21)

86. Indirect Geographic Subdivisions: An indirect geographic subdivision is ordered from largest body to smallest body. An example would be $zKansas$zJefferson County. (mpg)

87. Initial Article: An article is a word that combines with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun. The three main articles in the English language are the, an and a. An initial article occurs at the beginning of the title of many books. In the MARC record it is typically not indexed as part of the title of the book. The filing indicator found in the MARC record determines the first letter of the title to be indexed. (wp, ac)

88. Institution Code: see OCLC Institution Code

89. Interesting Authorities: The MARS 2.0 automated authority control process allows the user to restrict the number of updated records delivered by choose to receive only authority records that are interesting. MARS 2.0 defines an authority record as interesting if it contains one or more of the following fields: (mpg)

• 260—Complex See Reference (Subject)
• 360—Complex See Also Reference (Subject)
• 4XX—See From Cross Reference
• 5XX—See From Also Cross Reference
• 64X—Series Treatment Note
• 66X—Reference Note
• 678—Biographical or Historical Data
• 680-682, 688—Public General or Tracing Note, Deleted Heading Information, or History Note

90. ISBN: International Standard Book Number, tag 020. The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a unique, numerical commercial book identifier, based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering (SBN) code created in the UK. The 10-digit International Standard Book Number (ISBN) format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and published as an international standard in 1970. Since 1 January 2007, International Standard Book Numbers have been 13 digits. (wp)

91. ISSN: International Standard Series Number, tag 022, is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic periodical publication. The ISSN system was adopted as international standard ISO 3297 in 1975. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit number, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers. The last digit, which may be 0–9 or an X, is a check digit. (wp)

92. JACKPHY: Materials cataloged by the Library of Congress in their original (vernacular) script. These materials include the following languages: Japanese, Arabic, Chinese, Korean, Persian, Hebrew and Yiddish Bibliographic records. (ac, google)

93. Language Code: A language code is a code that assigns letters or numbers as identifiers for languages. These codes are often used to organize library collections, to choose the correct localizations and translations in computing, and as a shorthand designation for forms. (wp)

94. LC Children’s Authority File: Children’s subject headings are a separate file within the LC subject file. They are designated by a second indicator of 2 in the 650 tag. (ac) The adult representation found under Library of Congress Subject headings uses a $Juvenile qualifier. The LC Children’s authority file contains just over 950 authority records. (mpg)

95. LCCN: Library of Congress Control Number found in the 010 tag. The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering cataloging records in the Library of Congress in the United States. It has nothing to do with the contents of any book, and should not be confused with Library of Congress Classification. The LCCN numbering system has been in use since 1898, at which time the acronym LCCN originally stood for Library of Congress Card Number. In its most elementary form the number includes a year and a serial number. The year has two digits for 1898 to 2000, and four digits beginning in 2001. The three ambiguous years are distinguished by the size of the serial number. There are also some peculiarities in numbers beginning with a "7" because of an unsuccessful experiment applied between 1969 and 1972. Serial numbers are six digits long and should include leading zeros. The hyphen that is often seen separating the year and serial number is optional. More recently, the Library of Congress has instructed publishers not to include a hyphen. (wp)

96. LCNH: The Library of Congress Name Headings (LCNH) comprise a thesaurus of name headings, maintained by the United States Library of Congress for use in bibliographic records. The name heading categories include; personal names, corporate names, meetings and jurisdiction headings. (ac)

97. LCSH: The Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) comprise a thesaurus (in the information technology sense) of subject headings, maintained by the United States Library of Congress, for use in bibliographic records. LCSHs are applied to every item within a library’s collection, and facilitate a user’s access to items in the catalogue that pertain to similar subject matter. Subject heading classification is a human and intellectual endeavor, where trained professionals apply topic descriptions to items in their collections. Naturally, every library may choose to categorize the subject matter of their items differently, without a uniform agreed upon standard. The widespread use and acceptance of the Library of Congress Subject Headings facilitates the uniform access and retrieval of items in any library in the world using the same search strategy and LCSH thesaurus, if the correct headings have been applied to the item by the library. Thusly, LCSH decisions involve a great amount of debate and even controversy in the library community. (wp)

98. LDR: Abbreviation for the MARC leader. See Leader

99. Leader: Data elements that primarily provide information for the processing of the record. The data elements contain numbers or coded values and are identified by relative character position. The Leader is fixed in length at 24 character positions and is the first field of a MARC record. (m21)

100. Leading Article: see initial article

101. Library of Congress Authority File: The LC Authority Files contain over 7 million authority records. About 8,000 new and updated authority records are added each week and are received in LC weekly updates. (ac)

102. Linked Field: Fields that are different scripts in the MARC record are linked by a subfield 6 ($6). Subfield $6 may contain the tag number of an associated field, an occurrence number, a code that identifies the first script encountered in a left-to-right scan of the field, and an indication that the orientation for a display of the field data is right-to-left. A regular (non-880) field may be linked to one or more 880 fields that all contain different script representations of the same data. Subfield $6 is structured as follows: $6[linking tag]-[occurrence number]/[script identification code]/[field orientation code] Subfield $6 is always the first subfield in the field. The following is an example of two linked tags within a bibliographic record. (m21)

110 2#$6880-15$a[Primary Name]

880 2#$6110-15/)S$a[Primary Name]

103. Local MARC Authority Records: When a library has local authority records with local rules governing their relationship to the bibliographic record the authority record is called a, "Local MARC Authority Record". The MARS 2.0 authority software can recognize your library’s local authority file and govern its matching criteria according to what your library needs. The library has the option to match authorized headings against the Local Authority File either before or after the heading is matched against the National file. (mpg)

104. Local Authority Field Merge: Local fields inserted by the library into a national authority record to make the record unique to the library. The $5 is used to designate this field as a local tag. The library uses a data string, typically their institution code, to designate this field as a local field. MARS 2.0 programs will look for subfield $5 within each field in the authority record provided by the library. If it finds subfield $5 MARS 2.0 programs will retain that particular field and insert it into the matched national authority record to make the record unique to the library. (mpg)

105. Local Authorized Bibliographic Headings: A subject heading found in the bibliographic record that is not governed by a national authority record. This heading is found in the 6XX file and is designated local by the second indicator being set to 4 (source not specified). The 69X field is also set aside for local authority headings. The MARS 2.0 process can match these subject headings with national authority files. (mpg)

106. Manual Review: Manual Review is a visual examination of authority controlled headings in your bibliographic records. MARS 2.0 Manual Review is performed by experienced MARS 2.0 staff librarians and library technicians, and results in a catalog of records with fewer errors and inconsistencies than machine processing alone can provide. (mpg)

107. MARC: MARC is an acronym, used in the field of library science that stands for MAchine-Readable Cataloging. The MARC standards consist of the MARC formats, which are standards for the representation and communication of bibliographic and related information in machine-readable form, and related documentation. It defines a bibliographic data format that was developed by Henriette Avram at the Library of Congress beginning in the 1960s. It provides the protocol by which computers exchange, use, and interpret bibliographic information. Its data elements make up the foundation of most library catalogs used today. (wp)