Step 3.1
Contents
Step 3.1: Generic Name Headings
Matching
Currently if you have a generic name heading (no date or full form of name) in your bib record and a match is found on a See reference 400 of an LC Personal Name authority record, MARS 2.0 will automatically flip the authority heading to reflect the new authority:
generic bib heading: 100 10 $a Campbell, John finds match to authority below: 001 n2001026796 100 10 $a Campbell, John, $d 1826-1910 400 10 $a Campbell, John generic bib heading changes to: 100 10 $a Campbell, John, $d 1826-1910
Choosing to flip on generic name headings will give you a greater match rate, but it can cause mismatched headings. MARS 2.0 allows for the flip of all name authority headings including the generic name heading if there is a match to a See reference 400 in the LC authority record.
Please note: if you choose to NOT flip generic headings, this just means it will not match against a 400 in an LC authority record in order to change to authorized form in the 100. The heading WILL still attempt to match another generic name in the 100 of an authority record. The matching authority record could potentially be an undifferentiated authority record. Undifferentiated authority records will usually have an 008/32 = b or a 667 "This 1XX field cannot be used under RDA until this undifferentiated record ...". The vast majority of our clients still prefer to match against and receive these "undifferentiated" authority records, but, if you would prefer to avoid these please let us know as we have a parameter we can put into place.
Normalization and matching
Normalization of the name headings is different. All information in the personal name heading is considered when determining matches. Only $a of the name heading is removed (i.e., the delimiter and subfield, not the data within $a).
Name headings are defined as bib fields 100 (along with 240/243), 600, 700, and 800. Death date and other information in the bib heading date will always be considered. A bib heading with a death date will not match against an authority heading without one.
Normalization of a name heading is as follows:
original heading: 700 $a Pinsent, John, $d 1922- authority record: 100 $a Pinsent, John, $d 1922-1995 400 $a Pinsent, John, $d 1922 normalized original: 700 $ PINSENT, JOHN $ 1922 normalized authority: 100 $ PINSENT, JOHN $ 1922 1995 400 $ PINSENT, JOHN $ 1922 updated heading: 700 $a Pinsent, John, $d 1922-1995.
In this case, the original heading contained a birth date yet lacked a death date. However, when a valid cross-reference exists (e.g., the older form used in this example) the match can then be updated with the death date.
When multiple matches occur on personal name headings, the bib heading will not be replaced with any of the matches. In the case with multiple potential authority matches, the program cannot know which one to take over the others and so the bib heading remains unchanged. The multiple potential authority matches will be reported to the user in Heading Matches Multiple Authority Records (see Step 5.2, R10).
During the final phase of Authority Control, the incorrect form of the heading in the bibliographic record is replaced by the established form of the authority record. The corrected heading contains missing or changed diacritics.
Bibliographic text replaced
When a heading matches a 1XX authorized heading or a 4XX unauthorized heading in an authority record, MARS 2.0 processing:
- Replaces the bibliographic heading text with the text from the 1XX field of the authority record
- Replaces the second and third characters of the bibliographic tag with the second and third characters of the 1XX authority heading tag, as appropriate (see “6XX Tag Flipping” in Step 3.2 of the Planning Guide)
This replacement process corrects errors in capitalization, punctuation, spacing, subfield coding and some tagging errors. MARS 2.0 ensures that the appropriate ending punctuation is supplied in the bibliographic heading.
See From Tracings
MARS 2.0 Authority Matching software looks at both the authorized (or established) form of a heading in the authority record’s 1XX field and the unauthorized form in the 4XX fields (See From tracings):
original bib headings: 650 0 $a Philippine American War, Philippines, 1899-1902. 651 0 $a Philippines $x History $y Insurrection, 1899-1901. 651 0 $a United States $x History $y Philippine Insurrection, 1899-1902.
The normalized headings from the bibliographic records are compared to the normalized authorized 1XX and the unauthorized 4XX authority record headings.
The headings above match headings contained in sh 85100792 - LC subject authority record: 001 sh 85100792 151 0 $a Philippines $x History $y Philippine American War, 1899-1902 450 0 $a Filipino American War, Philippines, 1899-1902 450 0 $a Philippine American War, Philippines, 1899-1902 450 0 $a Philippine Insurrection, Philippines, 1899-1902 451 0 $a Philippines $x History $y Insurrection, 1899-1901 451 0 $a United States $x History $y Philippine Insurrection, 1899-1902 The three unauthorized headings in the bibliographic record would all be replaced by the established form of the heading: 151 0 $a Philippines $x History $y Philippine American War, 1899-1902 MARS 2.0 then merges or deduplicates the three identical authority headings to form one heading: 651 0 $a Philippines $x History $y Philippine American War, 1899-1902
Hierarchy
Unauthorized headings (See From tracings) are often included only in the authority record for the highest level of a heading. The authority record for Apples, for instance, contains the older form of the heading, Apple. The authority record for the fuller heading, Apples — Marketing, however, does not contain a tracing for Apple — Marketing.
Using all hierarchy levels during Authority Matching, i.e., the highest level Apples plus all fuller forms such as Apples — Marketing and Apples — Washington (State) — Marketing, allows a greater number of heading updates.
Normalized headings are constructed for each level of hierarchy in the heading:
original bib heading: 650 0 $a Electronic digital computers $x Programming $v Congresses. levels of hierarchy for this heading: 650 0 $a Electronic digital computers 650 0 $a Electronic digital computers $x Programming 650 0 $a Electronic digital computers $x Programming $v Congresses partial match to 4XX heading in LC subject sh 85107310: 150 0 $a Computer programming 450 0 $a Electronic digital computers $x Programming corrected form of heading in bib record (a partial match): 650 0 $a Computer programming $v Congresses.
Constructing multiple levels of hierarchy
When constructing multiple levels of hierarchy for a heading, the shortest form of the heading that is matched against the authority file is referred to as the highest level of the heading:
full heading: 700 12 $a Freud, Sigmund, $d 1856-1939. $t Selections. $f 1990 highest level heading: 700 12 $a Freud, Sigmund, $d 1856-1939
Hierarchy record delivered to marc file
When a hierarchy match is found not only is the authority heading replaced with the appropriate authority record, but the hierarchal version of the authority record is delivered to your MARC authority file allowing appropriate cross references to be connected to your new heading.
Subfields representing highest level heading
MARS 2.0 drops the right-most subfield(s) in generating a higher-level heading and it stops (it has reached the highest level heading) when it encounters any subfield code in the following table:
| Subfield Codes Indicating Highest Level Heading | |
|---|---|
| 100, 400, 600, 700, 800 | a b c d q |
| 110, 410, 610, 710, 810 | a b |
| 111, 411, 611, 711, 811 | a b |
| 130, 430, 630, 730, 830 | a d |
| 440 | a |
| 650 | a c d |
| 651 | a |
| 655 | a |
Name/Title Headings
Name/title headings, which are often coded as a $a / $t combination in either a 7XX or 6XX field, present a unique challenge. LC authority records containing the full name/title headings have been established and would be matched during normal MARS 2.0 authority matching:
name/title combined headings: 600 10 $a Twain, Mark, $d 1835-1910. $t Innocents abroad. 710 1 $a Canada. $t Treaties, etc. $d 1992 Oct. 7.
Name/title split and temporary headings
At other times, however, the name/title heading is split between two fields, a 1XX Main Entry and a 240 Uniform Title. In order to correctly process 1XX/240 name/title headings, temporary headings are built whenever a record contains both a 1XX and 240 field:
bib headings: 100 0 $a Aristotle. 240 10 $a Works. $l English. $f 1984 changes to: 100 0 $a Aristotle. $t Works
Using normal matching, the 100 field above would match the authority record for Aristotle. There is no authority record, however, for the uniform title found in the 240 field. The two fields (100/240) are combined during the matching process only.
The temporary MARS 2.0 autohrity heading would then match the correct LC authority record n 8242241: 100 0 $a Aristotle. $t Works. $l English. $f 1984 400 0 $a Aristotle. $t Complete works of Aristotle. $f 1984
Name/title tracing
Inclusion of LC authority records in a library’s record distribution is an important MARS 2.0 service. Most local systems use the 400 See From tracing in the above authority record to guide patrons from the unauthorized to the authorized heading using a display similar to the following:
Aristotle - Complete works of Aristotle - 1984 See Aristotle - Works - English - 1984
Name/title hierarchy
Use of all levels of hierarchy also affects matching using MARS 2.0 authority name/title headings. If there is no authority record containing the complete name/title heading, any authority records for the higher levels of the heading will be matched and provided.
Usage Codes
The matching process checks the authority record heading use codes from the authority record (008 bytes 14-16 and the type of series code 008 byte 12) to ensure that the bibliographic heading has been used appropriately:
008 [12] – Type of series 008 [14] – Main or added entry 008 [15] – Subject added entry 008 [16] – Series added entry
A report of the matches in which the bibliographic usage and the authority record authorized usage codes conflict is available (see Step 5, R11).
Reference Records
LC has created reference authority records, which are not authorized for use in bibliographic records. These records are identified by a value b or c in byte 9 of the 008 field. MARS 2.0 does not match bibliographic headings against an LC reference record. No heading is converted from reference authority records.
MARS 2.0 Auxiliary File
MARS 2.0 also matches bibliographic headings against authority headings in the MARS 2.0 Auxiliary File. The auxiliary file contains records with additional validated headings and additional cross-references not present in national authority files. The additional cross-references convert incorrect or obsolete forms to the authorized form of the headings. Authority records from this file are used during authority matching only and are not distributed to libraries.
For example, concentration camps were previously tagged as 651 headings, with the authority records in the LC SAF. When the tagging was changed to X10 and the authority records moved to the LC NAF, no 4XX See From tracings were added to the LC authority records for the obsolete form of the heading. The MARS 2.0 staff created records in the MARS 2.0 Auxiliary File that make the following conversion:
bib heading: 651 0 $a Husum-Schwesing (Germany : Concentration camp) changes to: 610 20 $a Husum-Schwesing (Concentration camp)
VIAF Name/Title matching
The incorporation of the VIAF name/title matching is now part of our DEFAULT matching process for Generic Names. You may opt to turn off the VIAF matching by making your request known in the free-form text area of section 3-14 of the Authority Control profile.
Our process will take your generic 100 and 700 fields that contain a $a only and will search VIAF for that form of the name. If our form of the name is found, we then compare the title within the 245$a of your Bib record against the associated "Works" for that name in VIAF. We'll then select the United States form of that name to pass formally through our Authority Matching process; the LC Authority records will be returned to you as expected and your Bibliographic Heading will be updated with the authorized form.
The process for the 600 field is similar but due to the 245$a not being present as a "work" in VIAF for these name subjects, we are only searching 600 fields that have a $t present. We felt we could not accurately attempt to match a 600 without a $t in VIAF to confirm the correct form of heading.
Of course, the success of this matching will only be as good as the data represented in VIAF. Through testing we've discovered that a work's title may differ slightly in different contributors' VIAF records so some names may be updated while others aren't.
Any headings that do not have a match in VIAF will still go through our Authority Matching process as outlined within your profile settings (for example, checking or unchecking the "Flip generic name headings" option as discussed above).
If desired, optional report R24 - Generic Names Flipped can be returned to help you review these updated headings.
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